Category: Biology

BIO-2080 Final Project Name: Courtney Coles Read the following instruction

BIO-2080 Final Project

Name: Courtney Coles

Read the following instructions carefully before you begin. Do NOT change your eating habits for this assignment. Your grade will depend on how well you analyze and reflect on your eating habits, not on the foods you eat. The more carefully you complete your food diary, the more accurate your information will be.

Note: Diet analysis accuracy is on the order of + or – 300 to 400 kcals depending on the accuracy of the inputs. The more specific you are, the better the assessment.
PART A: Daily Food Record
Write down all the foods and beverages you eat over a three to seven day period, including ONE weekend day. Be as specific as possible about the amount as well as the descriiption of the food item itself. For example, specify the type of bread, such as whole wheat, white, or rye; type of cheese, such as cheddar, Swiss, or American; whether fruits or vegetables are fresh, frozen, or canned; and if meats are lean only, or lean with some fat. Record the amount and a descriiption of the food or beverage on the Daily Food Record (DFR) template provided below. Add additional rows if necessary. Use the following guidelines as you record your diet:
● The most accurate entries for amounts are for weighed foods in ounces (oz), grams (gr), or pounds (lb). Other measures are cups (c), teaspoons (tsp), tablespoons (tbs), “each,” or “piece.” Weights of foods should be for edible portion only.
● Estimate serving sizes, weigh the food, and/or use food labels. If unsure of serving size, ask the server or estimate on the large side.
● A three-ounce portion of meat is about the size of a woman’s palm or a deck of cards; a restaurant serving of vegetables is between one-half and two-thirds cup.
● Remember to enter all food items. For example, a hamburger may be meat, bun, ketchup, lettuce, and mayonnaise.
● Try to maintain your normal eating patterns. Do NOT exclude foods or beverages that you perceive to be “bad” such as alcohol, candy, and so on. You will gain more valuable information about your diet if you honestly analyze your eating habits.
Use MyFitness Pal to input your food records. Once you are signed up for MyFitnessPal, enter your diet records by clicking on the “Food” menu item. Note that some foods might be combination foods (different foods mixed together). As best you can, try to either find the exact food or separate the items to help enhance the analysis.
Daily Food Record (DFR)
Name: Courtney Coles
Gender: Female
Weight: 160LBS
Age: 29

Day 1 (Date: 11AUG24)
Amount Food and Beverage Descriiption
2 cups Black coffee
2 tbs Cream cheese
1 Everything bagel
1 bowel Lettuce, croutons, parmesan cheese, Caesar dressing
1 gallon water
Med soda coke
In N out Fries and cheeseburger animal style everything
1 cup Peanut M&M’s

Day 2 (Date: 12AUG24)
Amount Food and Beverage Descriiption
2 Cups Black Coffee
1 packet APPLE CINIMON OATMEAL
1 cup Ginger tea
1 medium banana
Cesear Salad bowl Salad, parmesan cheese, croutons, Caesar dressing, chicken breast 3oz
1 gallon Water
3 oz Salom w/ mayo lemon pepper
I cup Cooked rice
1 cup Cooked broccoli, light butter, light salt
1 can Pepsi
4 qty Chocolate covered frozen strawberries

Day 3 (Date: 13AUG24)
Amount Food and Beverage Descriiption
2 cups Black coffee
1 medium Banana
1 packet Apple cinnamon oatmeal
1 packet Blueberry Bavita crackers
1 large Strawberries wild- Jamba juice (medium)
1 handful almonds
1 gallon Water
½ stock asparagus
1 cup Roasted red potatoes-French onion soup mix
5oz Chicken breast, olive oil, Italian seasoning
1 can Pepsi
1 handful Peanut M&M’s
PART B: Analyze Your Eating Habits
Interpret your results as prompted from the questions below. Refer to the MyFitnessPal “Reports” function for each of the variables, using the seven-day reporting period to obtain data regarding your personal dietary intake. Use the textbook to assist with answering other questions. Be sure to reference your sources. Type all responses in the spaces provided below. Each question is worth one point. If you do not complete all parts of the question correctly, including citing sources where required, you will not earn the point. For ease of reading, please highlight or boldface your responses.
Carbohydrate and Fiber Intakes
1. What is your average percentage of total kcalories from carbohydrates?
2. Dietary guidelines state that 45 to 65 percent or more of your total kcalories should come from carbohydrates. How did your intake compare to the recommendation?
3. It is estimated that you should have 130 grams per day or more of carbohydrate. How many grams per day did you consume on the average?
4. The recommended intake of fiber per day is 20 to 35 grams. How many grams per day did you consume on the average?
5. On the average, what percentage of your DRI did you consume in fiber?
6. List three of your most common refined sugar sources (colas, candy, pastries, etc.) that you consume on a regular basis.
7. How many total grams of sugar did you consume?
8. Determine your percentage of calories from sugar: multiply sugar grams by four, and then divide by your total kcalories. Take the final result and multiply by 100 to get a percent. (Show calculations below.)
9. According to some authorities, the recommended intake of sugar should be less than 10 percent of total kcalories. How did your intake compare to the recommendations?
10. List three of your personal best sources of complex carbohydrates or fiber in your diet.
11. List three additional foods you could include in your diet to increase your intake of complex carbohydrates or fiber.
12. How can health be improved by increasing your intake of complex carbohydrates and/or fiber? Cite your source.
13. State the advice given to people to prevent complications associated with a sudden increase in fiber intake. Cite your source.
14. How can health be improved by decreasing your intake of concentrated sweets? Cite your source.
Fat and Dietary Cholesterol Intakes
1. What is your average percentage of total kcalories from fat?
2. The dietary goal for total fat intake is less than 20 to 35 percent of total kcalories. How did your fat intake compare to the stated goal?
3. How many total grams of fat did you consume on an average day?
4. What percent of your kcalories came from saturated fat?
5. What percent of your kcalories came from monounsaturated fat?
6. What percent of your kcalories came from polyunsaturated fat?
7. How many milligrams of cholesterol did you consume on an average day?
8. The recommended intake of dietary cholesterol is less than 300 mg per day. How did your intake compare to the recommendation?
9. List one food containing cholesterol from each day of your three days that you could limit to reduce total cholesterol intake.
10. List one food containing fat from each day of your three days that you could limit to reduce total fat intake.
11. How can health be improved by decreasing total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol? Cite your source.
12. How can health be improved by increasing monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, and omega-3 fats? Cite your source.
Protein Intakes
1. What is the average percentage of your total kcalories that comes from protein?
2. Dietary guidelines recommend that protein should provide about 10 to 35 percent of the total intake of calories. How did your intake compare to the recommendation?
3. How many grams of protein did you consume on the average?
4. List one meat source of protein from each day of your three day intake. For each meat source of protein, list combined plant sources of protein that you could eat in place of it.
5. Explain how eating plant protein versus meat protein impacts the following:
● Saturated fat
● Total fat
● Cholesterol
● Fiber
● Total kcalories
Cite your sources.
6. Can you get all of the essential amino acids with a plant-based diet? How? Cite your source.
7. State the health concerns surrounding high protein diets from animal sources. Cite your source.
Weight Control
1. What percentage of your personal DRI did you consume? You can use the DRI Calculator to compute your DRI.
2. If you consumed the same amount of kcalorie per day over a period of time (see #1 above), would you lose, gain, or maintain your weight?
3. Is your personal goal to lose, gain, or maintain your weight?
4. What should be the primary consideration when setting a weight goal?
5. How would consuming fewer than 1,200 kcalories (under-consuming calories) per day impact metabolism? Cite your source.
6. How would consuming fewer than 1,200 kcalories per day impact health and nutrition status? Cite your source.
7. In addition to changes in your diet, list three other factors that should be included in a successful weight-control program.
8. What two physical activities could you perform to help you reach and maintain your goal weight?
Vitamin Intakes
1. Examine your average intake of vitamins. List the water-soluble vitamins that were less than your personal DRI.
2. List the water-soluble vitamin intakes that were greater than your personal DRI.
3. List the fat-soluble vitamins that were less than your personal DRI.
4. List the fat-soluble vitamins that were greater than your personal DRI.
5. For the vitamins that were less than DRI, identify food sources that could help increase these intake amounts. Cite your source.
6. State the health concerns surrounding vitamin supplements in general.
Mineral Intakes
1. Examine your average intake of minerals. List the major minerals that were less than your personal DRI.
2. List the major minerals that were greater than your personal DRI.
3. List one good food source for each major mineral that was less than your DRI.
PART C: Reflection
Provide a 250 to 500 word narrative (approximately one to two pages) in the space below in which you summarize and reflect upon your diet analysis.
What are some areas of your diet where you feel you are on target and doing well? These would be diet aspects you may wish to continue. What are some diet areas that you may wish to address? Identify some foods, caloric intakes, or any other area you have assessed as part of the answer. Then provide some advice to yourself by way of recommendations. Provide at least three specific recommendations for moving forward.

Please write me a section of the discussion part of my thesis, make sure there i

Please write me a section of the discussion part of my thesis, make sure there i

Please write me a section of the discussion part of my thesis, make sure there is no plagiarism please and follow the outline below on what to include and what not to include use of any AI please and no plagiarism or the use of plagiarism checkers, write in scientific writing as well. use included references as well as other relevant references when comparing my results to previously mentioned results they should be open access please and referenced correctly using APA. I also attached the result section to use as reference when writing this section this is how you should divide the words: discussion outline
1. Introduction/Overview (Approx. 600-700 words)
-Restate the research aim and objectives in detail.
-Provide a brief overview of the context, highlighting why studying miRNA125b-5p and its role in microglial activity in SMA is important.
-Mention the main research questions or hypotheses, emphasizing the broader implications of your work.
2. Detailed Interpretation of Key Findings (Approx. 1200-1300 words)
-Discuss each major finding in depth. Break it down into subthemes:
-The impact of blocking miRNA125b-5p using ASO (antisence oligonucleotide )on microglial activation ie; Nfkb1 pathway by releasing Tnf-a.
-How microglial activity modulates neuroinflammation specifically in SMA.
-Compare and contrast your findings with existing literature (include multiple studies, theoretical models, and conflicting evidence).
-Offer in-depth analysis of any unexpected results, providing hypotheses and linking them back to relevant biological mechanisms.

Please write me a section of the discussion part of my thesis, make sure there i

Please write me a section of the discussion part of my thesis, make sure there i

Please write me a section of the discussion part of my thesis, make sure there is no plagiarism please and follow the outline below on what to include and what not to include use of any AI please and no plagiarism or the use of plagiarism checkers, write in scientific writing as well. use included references as well as other relevant references when comparing my results to previously mentioned results they should be open access please and referenced correctly using APA. I also attached the result section to use as reference when writing this section this is how you should divide the words: discussion outline
1. Introduction/Overview (Approx. 600-700 words)
-Restate the research aim and objectives in detail.
-Provide a brief overview of the context, highlighting why studying miRNA125b-5p and its role in microglial activity in SMA is important.
-Mention the main research questions or hypotheses, emphasizing the broader implications of your work.
2. Detailed Interpretation of Key Findings (Approx. 1200-1300 words)
-Discuss each major finding in depth. Break it down into subthemes:
-The impact of blocking miRNA125b-5p using ASO (antisence oligonucleotide )on microglial activation ie; Nfkb1 pathway by releasing Tnf-a.
-How microglial activity modulates neuroinflammation specifically in SMA.
-Compare and contrast your findings with existing literature (include multiple studies, theoretical models, and conflicting evidence).
-Offer in-depth analysis of any unexpected results, providing hypotheses and linking them back to relevant biological mechanisms.

This week’s lab introduced you to Mendelian Inheritance. You were also able to a

This week’s lab introduced you to Mendelian Inheritance. You were also able to a

This week’s lab introduced you to Mendelian Inheritance. You were also able to apply this new knowledge by performing genome scanning and conducting a DNA test.
Please download, complete and submit this Mendelian Inheritance: From Genes to Traits Lab Report and please format your lab report in a question-answer format (place each of your answers after the relevant question). Many students find it helpful to have the lab report document open while they complete the Labster lab. As they complete the virtual lab, they jot down notes in the relevant parts of the lab report. Then, when they are finished with the lab, their lab reports are in rough form that they can then clean up and submit.
Be sure to answer each question in the worksheet. The best answers will be thoughtful and descriptive. There are no minimum word counts but in general more words will be better than fewer words.
The first four sections–Title, Topic, Background Information, and Methods–come directly from the lab. These should be pretty easy to write. You’ll be mainly reporting on what you read and did while you worked through the lab. To score in the “Accomplished” range (see the Grading Rubric), you’ll want to do this reporting in good detail across the portions of the lab that are relevant to each question.
The last three sections–Observations, Discussion, and Conclusions–are the most important sections. These are where you show your learning from the lab and where you demonstrate how well you can apply that learning to broader aspects of life and you connect the learning from the lab to other topics in biology, beyond the direct confines of the lab. Put a lot of good thought and writing in these last three sections.
The last question asks you what questions you have, now that you’ve completed the lab. You should ALWAYS have questions. This shows that you got the point of the Lab. Your questions should focus relate directly back to Question 2: What was the subject you were trying to understand better in the lab? Your questions should show that you understood the lab and that you can extend that learning to new situations out in the world that are related to the central concepts.
Please write in your own words as much as possible. This demonstrates you understanding of the concepts in a way that using quotes can’t.
Please visually distinguish your answers from the questions. For example, make your answers bold-faced or highlighted with some color or start each answer with “Answer:”.

Instructions: The ability to communicate research findings effectively is crucia

Instructions: The ability to communicate research findings effectively is crucia

Instructions: The ability to communicate research findings effectively is crucial for success in the biological
sciences. This assignment will require you to produce a short written summary that effectively
communicates your results from the Natural Selection: Bacterial Transformation module.
The report includes several parts: an introduction and statement of the hypothesis you
tested, a description of the experimental set-up, results, and an evaluation of the hypothesis based
on the data obtained in your group’s experiment. The evaluation of the hypothesis should include
direct implications and broad implications from the experiment. All text shall be 12 pt. font with 1.5
line spacing.
-Introduction and Hypothesis statement (20%)
The first paragraph(s) of this section must be over the importance of the experiment. The
background information supplied should allow the reader to understand the theoretical and
practical necessity of the experiment. You need to cite one or two primary sources that relate to
the topic at hand, in this section. After the introductory paragraphs, the null and alternative
hypotheses shall be clearly stated for the experiment they were designed to test. (1 -2 sentences per
hypothesis).
Experimental set-up (20%)
This section will be written in paragraph format and should explain where, when, what, and
how. (1 – 2 paragraphs). All necessary conditions under which the experiment was conducted must
be described explicitly and should allow the reader to replicate the experiment. Clearly describe the
treatments, indicating which treatment(s) is (are) the control(s). Describe materials used to create
the treatments. Explain how data were collected, what measurements were made and what kind of
instrument or equipment used.
Results (25%)
The first part of the results section must include a summary of the results in paragraph
format. The second part should include a graphical representation of the data. You can choose to use
a table or a graph, or both, to show your data. Do not include raw data calculations, here.
Graphs
Required for all graphs:
 Label the x and y axes.
 Write a descriptive legend for each graph.
o Be sure to state what statistic (mean, mode, standard deviation, range) the bars and
error bars represent and how many replicates were used to calculate the mean.
Example, if there were 10 replicates, the number of replicates would be given as n =
10.
o Define any abbreviations used on the graph.
– Hypothesis Evaluation (25%)
Write a paragraph to evaluate whether the results you obtained are consistent with or not
consistent with the hypothesis you tested. Were the observed results consistent with the expected
ones? The second paragraph will compare your experimental results to the results obtained in the
Technique Lab. This section evaluates the experiment based on the interpretation and meaning of
the results. The third paragraph should relate the results of the study to the broader field of the study.
This section may also include references to primary sources (other research papers).
End your document with a list of references cited. Your Technique Lab document includes a
list of references that you can use as an example for citing your own references.
Spelling and Grammar (10%)
Scientific results are mainly communicated through writing; therefore, your written
summary must be clearly and accurately presented. You should ensure there are no grammatical
errors that distract the reader from understanding the experiment or interpreting the data. Scientific
writing frequently uses the past tense, particularly when the main focus of the writing is to describe
experiments or observations that took place prior to the time of writing.
couple sources/articles to draw on and cite in introduction (example of citation is (author’s last name and year published):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17634571/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33656174/
The Experiment: Describe the problem, or, ask a question: Will more concentration affect absorption?
State the hypothesis: As the reaction occurs, the color and absorption will change.
State the null-hypothesis: As the reaction occurs, the color and absorption will
remain unaffected.
Describe your control: Enzymes that work at the optimal pH
Describe your experimental group
Independent variable(s): Enzyme being used
Dependent variable(s): Rate of reaction
Materials needed: Pipette, spectrometer, buffer, enzyme, cuvette
Write down the protocol steps:
1. Label two cuvettes, one as “blank” and the other one as “reaction”
2. Add 1.5 ml of reaction buffer to the blank cuvette.
3. Add 1.5 ml of 10 mM ONPG solution to the reaction cuvette.
4. Add 25 uL of β-galactosidase (1U) to the reaction cuvette, ONLY.
5. Cover the cuvettes with a piece of parafilm and mix the solutions by gently
inverting them.
6. Start a timer as soon as you have mixed your samples. Record the time it takes
for the color to develop (start of the reaction).
7. Watch closely over several minutes
8. Observe the rates of reaction in the spectrometer app
8. We’ll compare this data to technique lab data (data will be attached)