Category: History

Please write an annotated bibliography of the books you will be using for your final essay. The list of sources should include both primary and secondary sources.
What are the components of an annotated bibliography?
An annotated bibliography usually contains three parts:Source Citation: Like a regular bibliography, an annotated bibliography provides proper citation information for each source.Remember that historians usually use Chicago style. Visit our citation section for information about formatting your citations. Your professor may allow other styles, such as MLA; check which style your professor recommend
Source Summary: The first part of your entry will summarize the source concisely.Aim not to dazzle your professor with extensive detail, but to state briefly the topic and main argument of your source. If you are annotating a secondary source, in addition to summarizing the main idea, you will want to give information about how the source is organized, the main types of evidence the author relies on, and how the author makes his or her argument.If you are annotating a primary source, in addition to the main idea, explain the type of source (e.g. a letter, newspaper, census report, etc.), identify the author (include the author’s position and other information to help the reader understand the writer’s perspective and why s/he was in a position to create the source), and state the author’s intended audience.
Source Evaluation: Your source evaluation explains how the source contributes to a particular topic.If you are producing an annotated bibliography in anticipation of writing a research paper, your professor might ask you to consider exactly how you will use the source in your paper. What does the source do for your argument?Is it one of the key pieces of evidence supporting your case?Does it offer crucial background information?Does it present a counterpoint to your argument that you need to address?Other professors might want you to focus more on an evaluation of the source itself.In this case, be sure to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the source.Did you find the argument persuasive?If so, explain what made the argument work well.Were you unconvinced by some of the author’s claims?If so, explain why.You will also want to put the source into the context of the field as a whole.What does this source teach us that we did not know before?Is it filling in a particular gap in the field?Is it refuting a long-held assumption? Authors will often explain how they understand the contribution of their work, so begin by looking in the introduction for such information.
How to write an annotated bibliography.
The first step is to decide which sources will be most critical for your topic. Often, your professor will assign an annotated bibliography relatively early on in the writing process, so perhaps you do not yet know exactly which sources will be the most important or how exactly you will use them.To help you figure that out, think about the research questions that led you to your topic in the first place and then think about which sources would best help you answer those questions.A major benefit of writing an annotated bibliography is that, by the end of it, you will have a far better idea of what your project looks like, what you are arguing, and what evidence you have to support your argument.
Once you have identified your key sources, the second step is to put into writing the main argument of each source. To help you glean the author’s argument, take a step back and look at the big picture.What problem is this author trying to address?What holes in our knowledge does the writer intend to fill?If you had to describe this source to someone who had never read it, what would you say?If you are having trouble capturing the main idea, reread the author’s introduction and conclusion.In those sections, the author is likely to lay out in detail the larger argument.
Now that you know the main argument of the source, the third step is to figure out how successfully the author supported the argument. Look back through the source and see exactly what evidence the author used to make his or her case.Is there enough evidence?Do you agree with how the author interpreted the evidence?In this step, you will also want to put this source into conversation with other sources.Ask how this source fits in with the other ones you have read.Does it agree with them?Disagree?Did you find some sources more convincing than others?If so, why?
Attached below you will find 3 secondary sources (Eldem, Peirce, Raymond), and one more secondary source, HOWEVER, the 4th secondary source entitled “Fariba Zarinabaf. (2001) The Role of Women in the Urban Economy of Istanbul, 1700-1850” is really a secondary source that is comprised of many primary sources. Pick TWO from this document as the two primary sources for this assignment, and make sure to cite each of them individually. And use the other 3 secondary sources as the secondary sources for this assignment. Use the “How to write an annotated bibliography” pdf as reference as well.
DO NOT USE AI,I WILL SCAN THE ASSIGNMENT AFTERWARDS.

In preparation for the initial post, consider these two following American Foreign policies:
Marshall Plan
Vietnam (conflict) War
Then, in one (1) to two (2) paragraphs, address one (1) of the following:
Explain how each of your choices was an effective policy to thwart international communist expansion.
Based on your selections, analyze if the United States should have feared international communist subversion during the Cold War era (1945–1991).
Required source:
Prentzas, G. (2021). Impact of the Marshall Plan. In The Marshall Plan, Updated Edition. Chelsea House. online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=239824&itemid=WE52&articleId=527948

This is a peer review assignment. Make comments on the paper attached below by highlighting errors. You can use the checklist below that can help in reviewing the paper. Also, try to detect any errors in citation since it is required to be cited in Chicago style. The comments should be on the document itself not on a separate paper. Highlight the changes made.

Article Question (20 points)
1) Do you agree or disagree with the author’s position? Support your answer by referencing OR refuting 3-4 specific examples/explanations the author uses to make his point. (Your response should be 4-5 sentences.)
Questions based on the Notes (30 points)
2) Based on what you’ve learned in the notes, type a list identifying the criteria for a settlement to be classified as a “civilization.” In other words, what must a settlement/village have in order to be considered a civilization? (Your response should be 3-4 sentences.)
3) Compare and contrast the Ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia with the Ancient Egyptians. Be sure to identify 3 specific similarities and 3 specific differences. (Your response should be 3-4 sentences.)

This is a peer review assignment. Make comments on the paper attached below by highlighting errors. You can use the checklist below that can help in reviewing the paper. Also, try to detect any errors in citation since it is required to be cited in Chicago style. The comments should be on the document itself not on a separate paper. Highlight the changes made.

Reading
Human beings descend from apes, and are part of the superfamily Hominoidea. In the late Miocene epoch, the groups of apes that would eventually include humans broke off from Gibbons about 16.8 million years ago. This was then followed by the divergences of other Great Apes, like orangutans, gorillas and lastly chimpanzees and bonobos sometime in the late Miocene, about 8 million years ago.
At this point the genus Homo broke off from a common ancestor with modern chimpanzees and bonobos. It was once thought that, even though chimpanzees were the closest relatives to humans in the evolutionary ape family tree, humans were clearly distinct from their ape ancestors. In 1970 this idea was completely overturned when it was actually discovered during early DNA sequencing that chimpanzees were more closely related to humans instead of gorillas, the next closest related to us in our ape family tree. This is why the term Pongidae is no longer in use. It was once used to include all Great Apes, but was removed from usage after it was determined that chimpanzees/bonobos are actually more closely related to humans than they are their Great Ape cousins. Australopithecus was determined for a long time to be the break from a common chimpanzee-human ancestor, but the recent discovery of Ardipithecus has brought that into question.
Breaking down EtymologyFun Fact
The word homo derives from the Latin for humanus and originally derives from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word dʰéǵʰōm (this means that the word in most PIE languages is made up of the sounds Dh-Gh-M). This means “dirt” or “earth.” Coincidently, the most common term for human beings across all human languages is derived from dirt, earth or mud in some way.
Reading (off-site)
http://doc.rero.ch/record/211155/files/PAL_E4410.pdfLinks to an external site. (only read pages 36-37 up to the “Digging It” subheading)
Reading (Canvas)
The earliest recorded member of the genus Homo was found in Ethiopia in January of 2013. Unfortunately, this individual does not have a fun name like “Lucy” (the first recorded Australopithecus found in the 1960s), and all that we have so far is a partial jawbone. From this one small bone sample, however, it was determined that this individual was more in line with Homo habilis than it was was Australopithecus. And even though stone tools were not developed till the OldowanLinks to an external site. culture starting around 2.6 million years ago, this new finding has been classified as the oldest dated member of the species Homo habilis. A close relative of H. habilis also evolved some 2.3 million years ago, called Homo rudolfensis.
Comparison of 14 different Homininae skulls
Beginning around 2 million years ago Homo erectus and Homo ergaster started to redefine the body structure of ancient humans. Even though bipedal walking had been present for millions of years, it was this new upright body type that began to dominate the evolutionary track of humans. H. erectus was also the first hominid species to leave Africa en masse. There are still some debates about this among scholars, of which the famous “hobbit” people of Flores IslandLinks to an external site. always come up, but generally the mass migrations of Homo species across the globe did not start until after the evolution of H. erectus.
Around 300,000 years ago, the earliest examples of what would become modern humans evolved in Africa called Homo sapiens heidelbergensis (sometimes just H. heidelbergensis) and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis (also sometimes referred to as just H. rhodesiensis). Homo sapiens are first recorded around 200,000 years ago. However, there are some new findingsLinks to an external site. in Morocco that could push this date back much further. And, within a few decamillennia, ancient humans would begin leaving Africa and finding other hominids that had left previously, mostly descended from H. erectus. This first wave of early H. sapiens was overtaken by another group, modern humans, called H. sapiens sapiens, which left Africa about 70,000 years ago. These people would meet and mingle (which can still be seen in the genes of modern humans, which includes both Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA) with many other groups of Homo species as they would come to inhabit South Asia by 70,000 years ago and Australia by 65,000 years ago, East Asia, Central Asia and Europe around 60,000 year ago, and the Americas by about 25-30,000 years ago. New findings in New Mexico have definitively placed this date before the 15,000 year mark, even though some sites like Cactus Hill and Monte Verde have already called that date into questions decades ago.
Video (Canvas/off-site)
Seven Million Years of Human EvolutionLinks to an external site.
Reading (off-site)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrehistoryLinks to an external site. (Link to outside source)
Reading (off-site)
Modern analog to the ancient past:
Indigenous Peoples – Amnesty InternationalLinks to an external site. (Link to outside source)
Journal (Canvas)
What was one thing you learned here? Explain it as thoroughly as you can in 200-300 words.
Once you have completed your Journal for the Week, turn it in by following this link.
Key Terms from readings
Adaptation
Adoption
Australopithecus
Evolution
Hominid
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
Homo sapiens sapiens
Innovation
Migration
Nomadic
Oldowan culture
Out of Africa Migration (Homo erectus and Homo sapiens)
Sedentary
Spiral of Agriculture
Key Terms from Lecture
Ambiguity of the settling of America
Continents (the four actual landmasses in the world)
Americas
Afro-Eurasia
Oceania
Antarctica (but people weren’t there at this time, so we won’t talk about it)
Hominids
Homo erectus
Homo sapien
Homo sapien neanderthalensis
Homo (sapien) denisova
Dynamics (Power, Gender, etc.)
Gender Binary
Important world rivers in terms of agriculture
Andean Cultures = coastal water ways
China = Yangtze
Egypt = Nile
Indus Cultures = Indus
Mesoamerica = coastal water ways
Mesopotamia = Tigris and Euphrates
Lifeway
Subsistence Culture
Sedentary Culture
Stratification
Third (and fourth, and fifth, and so on) Gender
PreviousNext

Article Question (20 points)
1) Do you agree or disagree with the author’s position? Support your answer by referencing OR refuting 3-4 specific examples/explanations the author uses to make his point. (Your response should be 4-5 sentences.)
Questions based on the Notes (30 points)
2) Based on what you’ve learned in the notes, type a list identifying the criteria for a settlement to be classified as a “civilization.” In other words, what must a settlement/village have in order to be considered a civilization? (Your response should be 3-4 sentences.)
3) Compare and contrast the Ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia with the Ancient Egyptians. Be sure to identify 3 specific similarities and 3 specific differences. (Your response should be 3-4 sentences.)

1. Type your answers directly into Canvas.
2. Include the question with your ans

1. Type your answers directly into Canvas.
2. Include the question with your answer.
3. DO NOT TYPE YOUR ANSWERS INTO THE “COMMENT” SECTION!
4. Do not attach Word documents.
5. Use correct spelling and capitalization.
6. Answers must be between 200 – 400 words each.
7. Cite your sources including page numbers, websites, etc.
8. You will be graded based on complete answers to the SPECIFIC questions asked.2023
EACH REVIEW QUESTION IS WORTH .8 POINTS. YOU MAY NEED TO SEARCH
OUTSIDE RESOURCES. CITE YOUR SOURCES!
1. What effects did the inventions of the light bulb and telephone have on
the lives of those who used them? Are there contemporary analogies in your
lifetime of significant changes due to inventions or technological
innovations?
2. Describe the accomplishments and problems that arose because of Andrew
Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller and J.P. Morgan. Did they make the world a
better place? Or a worse place?

There are two deliverables due for Project 2.
A video showing your exploitation,

There are two deliverables due for Project 2.
A video showing your exploitation, credential theft, and data exfiltration.
A penetration test report that discusses the steps and actions in the video and how they are relevant to the client. The report also includes your recommendations for the client.
Use Microsoft Stream to create the video.
If you have not already done so last week:
Download the Penetration Test Report Template to get started on the written report.
Delete the instructional text from the template before you submit.
Upload and submit two items for this assignment:
the Hacking Video Demonstration showing your exploitation
the Penetration Test Report document
How Will My Work Be Evaluated?
Penetrating the system (gaining access) is only the beginning for a penetration tester. You must also be able to clearly communicate your findings and recommend corrective actions in a way that a nontechnical audience can understand. Therefore, the written report describing the engagement’s technical details is a critical part of the job.
Having the best keyboard penetration skills in the business will not help if you are not able to properly document findings and convey critical issues to the client. A successful penetration proposal could lead to additional business from the client’s subsidiaries and partners.
The following evaluation criteria aligned to the competencies will be used to grade your assignment:
2.1.2: Describe the context surrounding the issue or problem.
In the Hacking Video Demonstration and the Penetration Test Report, address the client in the correspondence. Provide a brief introduction explaining the services performed and a summary at the end of the report. Summarize the actions of the attacker during the penetration test. Validate the attack methodology using industry approved techniques. Include at least two to three references in IEEE format.
2.1.3: Explain the significance of the issue or problem.
In the Hacking Video Demonstration and the Penetration Test Report, discuss the vulnerability you exploited on the system. Explain how you were able to steal credentials and take data important to the company. Discuss the implications, including loss of revenue and company reputation.
10.1.2: Gather project requirements to meet stakeholder needs.
In the Penetration Test Report, you need to address the fact that the client has asked you to use other accepted practices and tools to exploit its systems. You will need to use tools such as Kali, Metasploit, John the Ripper, and include screenshots with date and time stamps, IP addresses, and ports that show how you connected the attack system to the victim machine.
12.2.1: Identify systems for the risk assessment.
In the Penetration Test Report, you need to address the fact that during any scan report, it is critical that you list the IP address of the system you are using to connect to the client’s corporate network (for auditing purposes) as well as the IP address of the system(s) that you are exploiting. Discuss the scope of engagement and the limitations of your actions to stay within the parameters of the penetration test.
12.2.2: Perform a risk analysis.
In the Hacking Video Demonstration and the Penetration Test Report, explain to the client in clear terms the security issues that are present on the system. Discuss the exploit you used to compromise the Linux system and the steps to mitigate this vulnerability. Provide detailed information on the versions of the vulnerability and application software.
13.1.1: Create documentation appropriate to the stakeholder.
In the Penetration Test Report, explain to the client the actions that you used during the engagement. Talk about how an attacker would know how to get into the system and what methods could be used to compromise the victim machine. Finally, discuss the post exploitation techniques that allowed the attacker to get the credentials of a user account and to extract confidential data from the target system.
When you are finished, click “add a file” to upload your two deliverables, and then click the Submit button.

Use the following reading to answer this question: Benjamin Braude, “Foundation

Use the following reading to answer this question: Benjamin Braude, “Foundation Myths of the Millet System” in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman empire: the functioning of a plural society, Vol.1: The Central lands eds. Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (London 1982), 69-88
According to the historian Benjamin Braude, an earlier generation of Ottoman historians misunderstood what the “millet system” was about. How did they misunderstand it? How, then, does Braude understand the term “millet”? What implications does his new explanation of “millet” have for how we understand the Ottoman Empire?
In your answer, remember to cite a few concrete examples of how the term “millet” was used historically (remember to include the precise context in which the term was used). Do not forget to cite the page number — you may use a simple in-line citation style in your answer, i.e. (Braude 1982, 69)