Note: This is a section in the paper. No need for an introduction. Go straight t
Note: This is a section in the paper. No need for an introduction. Go straight to the point. Use in-text citation in Chicago format and as much as possible (NOT the one does superscriipt). Use one or all of the following sources below. Only use scholarly sources with weblink. The general flow of the paper is Russian misinformation/disinformation on right-wing groups in the U.S. and Europe.
1) Destabilization of social cohesion
2) Amplification of racial and ethnic divides
3) Promotion of religious intolerance
4) Encouragement of political violence
Bennett, Lance W., and Steven Livingston. 2018. “The Disinformation Order: Disruptive Communication and the Decline of Democratic Institutions.” European Journal of Communications 33, No 2 122 – 139. . Berkowitz, Peter. 2019. “Conservatism and the People.” City Journal. http://www.peterberkowitz.com/articles/ConservatismAndThePeople.pdf. Chua, Shenyi, Gisella Joma, Artur Lischenko, Jessica Lobo, Lukas Mejia, and Makenzi Taylor. 2020. “Responding to Violent Extremism in Western Balkans.” Center for Global Affairs School of Professional Studies (New York University). https://www.sps.nyu.edu/content/dam/sps/academics/departments/center-for-global-affairs/pdfs/NYU_Report_on_Western_Balkans.pdf. Douglass, John Aubrey. 2021. Neo-Nationalism and Universities: Populists, Autocrats, and the Future of Higher Education. Johns Hopkins University Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/85165/pdf. Emily, Fowler. 2021. “(Dis)Information Warfare: The 2016 Election, Russian Hackers, and U.S. Democratic Precarity.” 68. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/26515/Final_Thesis-FowlerE.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. European Comission. 2021. “Shaping Europe’s Future: Open Internet.” quoted in Georgetown University Law Center Global Law Scholars. 2022. “Law and Disinformation in the Digital Age.” (Georgetown University) 280. https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Law-and-Disinformation-in-the-Digital-Age.pdf. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/open-internet. Georgetown University Law Center Global Law Scholars. 2022. “Law and Disinformation in the Digital Age.” (Georgetown University) 280. https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Law-and-Disinformation-in-the-Digital-Age.pdf. Ghosh, Dipayan, and Ben Scott. 2018. “Digital deceit: the technologies behind precision propaganda on the internet.” Havard Kennedy School. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dipayan/files/digital-deceit-final-v3.pdf. Ivaldi, Gilles, and Emilia Zankina. 2023. “The Impacts of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine on Right-Wing Populism in Europe.” European Center for Populism Studies. https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04024156/document. Johnson, Darin EW. 2019. “Russian election interference and race-baiting.” 191. https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-rxg0-y420/download. Karlsen, G.H. 2019. “Divide and Rule: Ten Lessons about Russian Political Influence Activities in Europe.” 1–14., Palgrave Communications 5 (1):. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0227-8. Kopilow, Melissa M. 2022. “Disinformation Targeting Democracy: Violent Effects of Russia’s Active Measures Campaigns In France, Germany, And The United States.” Naval Postgraduate School. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1185009.pdf. Korta, Samantha M. 2018. “Fake News, Conspiracy Theories, and Lies: An Information Laundering Model for Homeland Security.” (Naval Postgradute School) 153. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1052689.pdf. Krekó, Péter. 2022. “Russian influence in Hungary.” (ING2 Committee Hearing). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/256493/OJ%20item%204_peter_kreko_ing2_hearing_20221027_speaking_points.pdf. Liang, Christina Schori, and Matthew John Cross. 2020. White Crusade: How to Prevent Right-Wing Extremists from Exploiting the Internet. Geneva Centre for Security Policy – GCSP. https://dam.gcsp.ch/files/doc/white-crusade-how-to-prevent-right-wing-extremists-from-exploiting-the-internet. March, Luke. 2023. “Putin: populist, anti-populist, or pseudo-populist?” Journal Of Political Ideologies (University of Edinburgh). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/13569317.2023.2250744?needAccess=true. McGeehan, Timothy P. 2018. “Countering Russian Disinformation .” (U.S. Army War College) 11. https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2850&context=parameters. McGowan, Bethany S, Hannah Matthew, Sofia Badcock, Katelyn Biggs, Lara Chuppe, Christina Galiatsatos, and Jannine Huby. 2022. “Identifying Dis/Misinformation on Social Media: A Policy Report for the Diplomacy Lab Strategies for Identifying Mis/Disinformation Project.” https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=lib_fsdocs. Melzer, Ralf, and Sebastian Serafin. 2013. Right-Wing In Europe Extremism Country Analyses, Counterstrategies And Labor-Market Oriented Exit Strategies. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/dialog/10031.pdf. Merriam-Webster. n.d. Disinformation. Accessed February 18, 2024. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disinformation. Nabozhniak, O., O. Tsekhanovska, A. Castagna, D. Khutkyy, and A. Melenchuk. 2023. Revealing Russian influence in Europe: Insights from Germany, France, Italy and Ukraine. Institute of Innovative Governance. Revealing Russian influence in Europe: Insights from Germany, France, Italy and Ukraine. Pauli, Carol. 2017. “Fake News, No News, and the Needs of Local Communities.” Howard LJ. https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2317&context=facscholar. Shekhovtsov, Anton. 2018. “Russia and the European Far Right.” (School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London ). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047343/1/Shekhovtsov_ID_thesis.pdf. Simpson, P.A., and H. Druxes. 2015. Digital media strategies of the far right in Europe and the United States (1st ed.). The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=2051665. Stahl, Bernd Carsten. 2006. “On the difference or equality of information, misinformation, and disinformation: A critical research perspective.” https://inform.nu/Articles/Vol9/v9p083-096Stahl65.pdf. Turanskyi, Mykola. 2018. “The impact of pro-russian public organizations and parties on the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation.” UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. Accessed 2018. https://journals.ur.edu.pl/index.php/jhss/article/download/230/215. Weiss, Andrew S. 2020. “With Friends Like These: The Kremlin’s Far-Right and Populist Connections in Italy and Austria.” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) 26. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Weiss-Austria__Italy-FINAL.pdf. Zakem, Vera, Bill Rosenau, and Danielle Johnson. 2017. “Shining a Light on the Western Balkans Internal Vulnerabilities and Malign Influence from Russia, Terrorism, and Transnational Organized Crime.” Defense Technical Information Center. The Center for Naval Analyses. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1035185.pdf.