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This paper should not exceed nine double-spaced pages, excluding title page, ref

This paper should not exceed nine double-spaced pages, excluding title page, reference list, appendices

Upload your paper in Word format to the gradebook

Required Content and Formatting
Required title page used
· Ensure that the title lists the topic and the population (adults, children, etc.) i.e. An Overview of Depression in Adults

Introduction – Use a Level 1 title for this section

This section must have a title as discussed in the APA manual.

Provide a brief introduction of your topic and the purpose of the paper

Background of the Topic (level 1 heading)

For clinical topics, organize this section with headings of definitions, history, etiology, diagnosis, and current management (Level 4 headings)
Ensure that history includes ancient history of the topic
Use bullet points for the definitions – only define words not of common knowledge
If you have a clinical topic you must list lab tests and tools for screening in diagnosis
Treatment must include specific medications and treatments

For those who have a non-clinical topic, use headings of definitions, history, evaluation, and management (Level 4 headings)

Headings should be self-explanatory, i.e. History of Depression

Significance of the Topic (level 1 heading)

Significance is prevalence and financial implications
Use these components as level 4 headings to organize this section

For national statistics – use data and information from the CDC, NIH, WHO and specialty organizations to support the significance of the stated problem or concern (i.e., “30 million people die worldwide from…” or “The cost is $5 billion…”

Add local/state statistics to your project if available Utah, USA

Add personal implications and implications to society when applicable
Summary and Conclusion (level 1 heading)

Brief review of the importance of the topic

Discuss implications for practice and research
References

Use the 7th ed. APA to format the reference list
Appendices

Appendix A – Turnitin screen print
Appendix B – Screen print of readability statistics – ensure readability is 15th grade or >
For references only use from Pubmed or CINHAL the references need to be scholarly for medical academic setting.

the initial post and the reference must separate from follow up post, the follow

the initial post and the reference must separate from follow up post, the follow up post is to respond to the instructor. thanks
Also, the concepts i like is Epidemiology.
Comments from Customer
the initial post and the reference must separate from follow up post, the follow up post is to respond to the instructor.
Also, the concepts i like is Epidemiology.

I will attach a file with the instructions and structure of the essay please fol

I will attach a file with the instructions and structure of the essay please follow the structure provided in the file. Also for the sources i put 10 but it doesnt have to be 10 just as much as possible

The report MUST be word processed and formatted with 1.5 line spacing and margin

The report MUST be word processed and formatted with 1.5 line spacing and margins of 2.5cm all around the main text which should be Arial (12pt). All pages must be numbered. The report must have a title page which includes my name, the year, the title of my project, my tutor’s name and a word count carried out in Microsoft Word. The target length for the report is 5,000 words excluding the title page, the list of references and text in figures. All other supporting material (including text in tables and table and figure legends) must be included in the word limit. A 10% leeway in word count will be applied and so reports of up to 5,500 words are acceptable. Whilst there is no lower limit, reports which are substantially shorter than 5,000 words may not score highly with regards to “Addressing the topic”.
The format required is Vancouver System Please check the additional materials uploaded for the instructions on how to write the literature review and please follow all of the instructions exactly how they are written. It should be 5000 word literature review on the topic ‘The pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease’. I have uploaded an example to give you an idea of the format. Please make sure not to use any AI System of writing since all the work submitted will be checked for plagiarism and AI System of writing. The literature review paper should be my original work as stated in the instructions I uploaded.

After reviewing and studying this module’s content, answer the following questio

After reviewing and studying this module’s content, answer the following questions. Be sure to complete all lab activities and attend/watch all live lectures before completing this assignment. All of your answers should be written in your own words, using full sentences, correct terminology, and proper spelling and grammar.
Explain the anatomical concepts associated with the digestive system. Summarize this module’s key points in 5-6 sentences.
Explain the physiological concepts associated with the digestive system. Summarize this module’s key points in 5-6 sentences.
How will you apply the concepts you have learned about the digestive system in real life and in your future career?
Which topic within this module has been the most valuable to your learning experience and why?
Which topic(s) within this module did you struggle to understand and why?
The digestive system can be visualized as a 30-foot tube that runs from mouth to anus. This tube is called the alimentary canal, and it consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. This system works together closely with other organs, including the spleen, adrenal gland, pancreas, and kidneys. The term “gastrointestinal tract,” is not interchangeable with “digestive system,” as the gastrointestinal tract refers to only the stomach and intestines.
Digestive system
Digestive system (Betts et al., 2013)
The Oral Cavity
The oral cavity includes the mouth, lips, cheeks, palate, tongue, salivary glands, and teeth. Following the oral cavity, food passes into the oropharynx and laryngopharynx, then the esophagus. The epiglottis is responsible for blocking the larynx to direct food away from the airway (trachea) and into the esophagus. The esophagus crosses thru the diaphragm via the esophageal hiatus then connects to the stomach at the gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter.
The Stomach
The stomach is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity. It is divided into four regions: cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus regions. The empty stomach has a volume of approximately 50 mL, but it can expand up to 1.5 liters after eating.
Stomach
Stomach anatomy (Betts et al., 2013)
Alimentary Canal
Like many other organs, the alimentary canal has layers:
Serosa: The serosa is the outer layer, and it provides anchoring to other digestive organs, as the alimentary canal is not free-floating.
Muscularis externa: This is a smooth layer of muscle that provides contraction throughout the alimentary canal.
Submucosa: Submucosa lies inside the smooth muscle layer, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
Mucosa: This inner-most layer has a diverse composition, depending on its region within the alimentary canal. Notably, the stomach mucosa contains the gastric glands, which include the mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells. The secretions from all these cells collectively is called gastric juice.
Mucous cells produce the mucous layer that coats the stomach.
Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors, which mechanically break food into chime, and aid in vitamin B12 absorption. B12 is critical to red blood cell function.
Chief cells produce pepsinogen, lipases, and rennin. Lipases are essential for fat digestion. Rennin is produced in infants to help with milk digestion.
Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones, of which gastrin is the most well-known; this helps regulate stomach digestive motility.
alimentary canal
Layers of the alimentary canal (Betts et al., 2013)
Peritoneum
Moving outward from the alimentary canal, the digestive system is surrounded by connective tissue called peritoneum. The peritoneum lines the entire abdominal cavity, and is comprised of two layers. Parietal peritoneum attaches to the abdominal wall and pelvic floor. Visceral peritoneum lies deeper, as it encases the digestive organs. The term “mesentery” refers to the double layer of peritoneum that attaches digestive organs to the posterior abdominal wall. It is rich in blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. Omentums are specific kinds of mesenteries. The lesser omentum connects the liver to the stomach. The greater omentum connects the inferior aspect of the stomach to the intestines.
The Small Intestine
Continuing inferiorly, the stomach is followed by the small intestine portion of the alimentary canal. The small intestine completes chemical digestion, leading to nutrient absorption. The small intestine begins at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the ileocecal sphincter. The small intestine has three regions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Small intestine
Regions of the small intestine (Betts et al., 2013)
The Large Intestine
Following the small intestine, indigestible food/material enters into the large intestine, which reaches from the ileocecal valve to the anus for fecal elimination. The large intestine has three zones: ascending, transverse, and descending.
Large intestine
Large intestine (Betts et al., 2013)
The Nervous System’s Role
Like other organs and body systems, the nervous system coordinates function. The enteric nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system designated for the digestive system. It is known for parasympathetic “rest and digest function,” which stimulates digestion, and sympathetic “fight or flight” function which inhibits digestion.
Now that we have completed an overview of digestive system anatomy, we will move on to the physiological function.
The digestive system’s primary function is nutrient extraction from food and elimination of waste.
4-Step Process of Nutrient Extraction
This process occurs in four steps:
Ingestion: Ingestion pertains to taking food in.
Digestion: Breaks food down both chemically and mechanically. Mechanical digestion occurs via teeth and the stomach, as they mechanically shred food. Chemical digestion relies on enzymes to break food into chemical components that the body can process in the following absorption phase.
Absorption: Absorption refers to our body’s utilization of the nutrient components of what is ingested.
Defecation: Defecation is the process of fecal elimination of by-products.
Deglutition
Ingestion of food requires deglutition, which means swallowing. Swallowing occurs in two phases. The first phase is called the buccal phase. In this phase, mastication (chewing) occurs to form a bolus. This first phase is under conscious control, while the second phase is unconscious. The second phase is called the pharyngeal-esophageal phase; this phase coordinates smooth muscle of the pharynx and esophagus via higher control centers in the medulla and pons.
Breakdown in the Stomach
From here, food passes through the esophageal (cardiac) sphincter to enter the stomach. In the stomach, the mucous from the mucous cells protects the stomach lining from its acidic pH. Without this mucous, ulcers form. 90% of the time, the mucosal barrier breakdown is caused by excessive bacteria, H.Pylori. HCl from the parietal cells has a pH of 1.0-3.0, which mechanically breaks food into chyme.
Next, all nutrients must be converted into individual molecules for absorption. Pepsinogen from the chief cells is converted to pepsin by its exposure to the acidic environment. The pepsin breaks amino acid chains from ingested protein into individual amino acids. The lipases from the chief cells break fats into individual units for absorption. The gastrin hormone is also released by the chief cells, and it regulates the speed of motility.
Gastric Juice Secretion
Gastric juice secretion consists of three phases, all of which occur simultaneously. Their release is controlled by hormones and nerves in the brain, stomach, and small intestines.
The cephalic phase is triggered by the sight, taste, smell, or thought of food; this stimulates the vagus nerve component of the parasympathetic nervous system to stimulate the enteric nervous system. This phase is only a few minutes in length.
The gastric phase begins when food enters the stomach. This phase is initiated by the enteric nervous system and gastrin release from cells in the stomach. The gastrin release further promotes HCl release for mechanical digestion within the stomach. This phase lasts 3-4 hours.
The intestinal phase occurs when partially digested food enters the small intestine, activating the stimulatory phase.
The system is maintained in homeostasis as the enterogastric reflex quickly inhibits too much activity by tightening the pyloric sphincter as the duodenum begins to distend.
Primary Function of the Small Intestine
The small intestine’s primary function is chemical digestion and nutrient absorption. Movement of chyme within the small intestine involves two processes: peristalsis and segmentation. Peristalsis is like a giant blender, mixing chyme. Segmentation is like the blender’s slow speed, as the process allows more time for digestive enzymes to chemically break down nutrients.
Passing to the Large intestine
Following passage through the small intestine, contents pass to the large intestine where the major functions of absorbing water, briefly storing indigestible materials, and passing these materials on to the anus for defecation to occur. The large intestine also contains over 1000 different bacterial flora which serve to ferment some indigestible carbohydrates, synthesize vitamin B, and synthesize vitamin K.
Chemical vs Mechanical Digestion
While the above content reviews the overall digestive processes, digestion varies slightly based on which macronutrient (carbohydrate, protein, or lipid) we ingest. All macronutrients have a mechanical digestive component beginning in the mouth and continuing into the stomach. All macronutrients are chemically digested and absorbed in the small intestine.
The chemical-digestion starting location varies by macronutrient, as carbohydrate chemical digestion occurs in the mouth via the amylase in saliva. The chemical digestion for proteins and lipids begins in the stomach via pepsinogen conversion into pepsin and lipases, respectively.
Digestion by macronutrient
Table: Digestion by macronutrient (Betts et al., 2013)
Mechanical and chemical digestion by anatomical region.png
Mechanical and chemical digestion by anatomical region (Betts et al., 2013)

How do anatomical and physiological changes impact digestive pathology presentat

How do anatomical and physiological changes impact digestive pathology presentation? What is the link between digestion and psychology? In this discussion we will explore both concepts, as interest in both managing digestive disorders and psychological presentations represent growing fields.
Initial Post
Read the introduction, conclusion, and one section regarding a condition that piques your interest in Intestinal epithelial barrier and neuromuscular compartment in health and disease.
Focus on the general concepts, as opposed to understanding every word. After completing the reading, answer the following question for your initial post: “How does digestive physiology lead to a specific pathological presentation?” You may choose which digestive pathology you’d like to focus on.
Use the assigned article, with appropriate APA citations, to support your position with at least 5-6 sentences to support your case.

How do anatomical and physiological changes impact digestive pathology presentat

After reviewing and studying this module’s content, answer the following questio

Please Answer the following Questions: 1. Define the structural chromosomal abno

Please Answer the following Questions:
1. Define the structural chromosomal abno

Please Answer the following Questions:
1. Define the structural chromosomal abnormalities, such as deletion and translocation.
2. Define chromosomal monosomy and trisomy and give typical examples.
3. List the features of three important diseases based on multifactorial inheritance.
4. Explain the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage diseases and give three examples of prototypical disorders.
Follow your rubric carefully and write references using APA format.
Discussion Expectations:
The goal is to have a dynamic discussion around the topic that lasts throughout the entire week which means it’s a good idea to visit the Discussions link to see if new posts are made. You can also Subscribe to each forum to be alerted of new responses.
Posts and responses should be thorough and thoughtful. Just posting an “I agree” or “Good ideas” will not be considered adequate. Support statements with examples, experiences, or references.
Discussions occur when there is a dialogue; therefore, you need to build upon the posts and responses of other learners to create discussion threads. Make sure to revisit the discussion forum and respond (if necessary) to what other learners have posted to your initial responses.
Your prior knowledge, experiences, and resources are an invaluable part of the discussion.

The difference between active immunity and passive immunity is that active immun

The difference between active immunity and passive immunity is that active immunity is where antibodies are produced by the body but passive immunity is where the antibodies are preformed and had been transferred between individuals (Hammarström & Marcotte, 2015). Passive immunity can be transferred from mother to infant for example but it’s also limited and not as effective as active immunity. The key nursing considerations in implementing vaccines are the potential of adverse effects, allergies, frequency of taking the vaccine, contraindications, and cautions like if the patient has an acute illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). All of these things are necessary for the healthcare provider to know about in case their patient displays consequences from taking the vaccine when they’re not supposed to. The difference between a patient receiving a vaccine versus an immune serum is that when taking a vaccine, it prompts the body to initiate its own immune defense against the illness but with immune serum, antibodies are already found in them and they are then transferred to the patient (Science History Institute Museum & Library, 2020). Thus, immune serum in this case would be a passive immunity.
Instuctions: Reply to that discussion above with 150 words and plus 1 reference.